3) Global Epidemiology: variation by regions, systems, and breeds 3.1. Prevalence at slaughterSlaughterhouse studies report variable prevalences, often < 5%, but occasionally higher depending on age, production system, and inspection sensitivity. Cull cows (older...
Ox Gallstones : News and Educational Content
Explore Rawessencia’s expert content on ox gallstones: international trade, sourcing guidelines, and pharmaceutical-grade quality standards.
Bovine Gallstones Worldwide
Bovine Gallstones Worldwide: Biology, Epidemiology, Supply Chains, and Key Issues 1) Introduction: What Are We Talking About? Bovine gallstones (or choleliths) are solid concretions formed in the gallbladder or bile ducts. In cattle, they result from the aggregation...
Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Physiopathological Mysteries
Bovine Gallstones: Between Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Physiopathological Mysteries Introduction Bovine gallstones, also known as calculus bovis or niuhuang in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are attracting growing interest both for their promising...
Identification of Cattle Likely to Contain of the Ox Gallstones
There is no foolproof method for identifying a bovine carrying gallstones in advance. However, certain criteria can increase the likelihood: Older cattle (over 5 years) Fattened animals at the end of their productive life (culled cows) Signs of liver dysfunction...
China Eases Import Restrictions
In April 2025, China launched a pilot program allowing the use of imported calculus bovis in the production of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), under strict conditions. This initiative aims to address the shortage of this essential raw material while ensuring...
Ox Gallstones: The Hidden Gold Fueling a Global Surge in Traditional Medicine
In 2025, ox gallstones, also known as Calculus bovis, have emerged as one of the most sought-after commodities in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), commanding prices that surpass those of gold. These hardened formations, found in the gallbladders of cattle, are...